In this post, you’ll learn the basics of arrays in PHP. You’ll learn how to create an array and how to use associative and multidimensional arrays, and you’ll see lots of examples of arrays in action.
What Is an Array?
In PHP, an array is a data structure which allows you to store multiple elements in a single variable. These elements are stored as key-value pairs. In fact, you can use an array whenever there’s a need to store a list of elements. More often than not, all the items in an array have similar data types.
For an example, let’s say you want to store fruit names. Without an array, you would end up creating multiple variables to store the different fruit names. On the other hand, if you use an array to store fruit names, it might look like this:
<?php
$array_fruits = array('Apple', 'Orange', 'Watermelon', 'Mango');
?>
As you can see, we’ve used the $array_fruits variable to store the different fruit names. One great thing about this approach is that you can add more elements to the $array_fruits array variable later on.
There are plenty of ways to manipulate values in the array variable—we’ll explore these in the later part of this article.
How to Initialize an Array
In this section, we’ll explore how to initialize an array variable and add values in that variable.
When it comes to array initialization, there are a few different ways. In most cases, it’s the array() language construct which is used to initialize an array.
<?php $array = array(); ?>
In the above snippet, the $array variable is initialized with a blank array.
As of PHP 5.4, you can also use the following syntax to initialize an array.
<?php $array = []; ?>
Now, let’s see how to add elements to an array.
<?php $array = []; $array[] = 'One'; $array[] = 'Two'; $array[] = 'Three'; echo '<pre>'; print_r($array); ?>
The above snippet should produce the following output:
Array
(
[0] => One
[1] => Two
[2] => Three
)
The important thing to note here is that an array index starts with 0. Whenever you add a new element to an array without specifying an index, the array assigns an index automatically.
Of course, you can also create an array already initialized with values. This is the most concise way to declare an array if you already know what values it will have.
<?php $array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three']; ?>
How to Access Array Elements
In the previous section, we discussed how to initialize an array variable. In this section, we’ll explore a few different ways to access array elements.
The first obvious way to access array elements is to fetch them by the array key or index.
<?php $array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three']; // get the first element of the $array array echo $array[0]; echo "<br>"; // get the second element of the $array array echo $array[1]; echo "<br>"; // get the third element of the $array array echo $array[2]; echo "<br>"; ?>
The above snippet should produce the following output:
One Two Three
A cleaner way to write the code above is to use a foreach loop to iterate through the array elements.
<?php
$array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
foreach ($array as $element) {
echo $element;
echo '<br>';
}
?>
The above snippet should produce the same output, and it takes much less code.
Similarly, you can also use the for loop to go through the array elements.
<?php
$array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
$array_length = count($array);
for ($i = 0; $i < $array_length; ++$i) {
echo $array[$i];
echo '<br>';
}
?>
Here, we’re using the for loop to go through each index in the array and then echoing the value stored in that index. In this snippet, we’ve introduced one of the most important functions you’ll end up using while working with arrays: count. It’s used to count how many elements are in an array.
Types of Arrays in PHP
In this section, we’ll discuss the different types of array you can use in PHP.
Numerically Indexed Arrays
An array with the numeric index falls in the category of an indexed array. In fact, the examples we’ve discussed so far in this article are indexed arrays.
The numeric index is assigned automatically when you don’t specify it explicitly.
<?php $array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three']; ?>
In the above example, we don’t specify an index for each item explicitly, so it’ll be initialized with the numeric index automatically.
Of course, you can also create an indexed array by using the numeric index, as shown in the following snippet.
<?php $array = []; $array[0] = 'One'; $array[1] = 'Two'; $array[2] = 'Three'; ?>
It is also possible to have arrays with numeric keys which are not sequential or start from zero like the following example:
<?php
$array = [];
$array[3] = 'One';
$array[11] = 'Two';
$array[] = 'Three';
$array[-18] = 'Four';
$array[] = 'Five';
print_r($array);
/*
Array
(
[3] => One
[11] => Two
[12] => Three
[-18] => Four
[13] => Five
)
*/
?>
Don’t rely on an unknown array to have sequential numeric keys unless you explicitly set its keys to be that way.
Associative Arrays
An associate array is similar to an indexed array, but you can use string values for array keys.
Let’s see how to define an associative array.
<?php $employee = [ 'name' => 'John', 'email' => '[email protected]', 'phone' => '1234567890', ];
Alternatively, you can use the following syntax as well.
<?php $employee = []; $employee['name'] = 'John'; $employee['email'] = '[email protected]'; $employee['phone'] = '1234567890'; ?>
To access values of an associative array, you can use either the index or the foreach loop.
<?php $employee = [ 'name' => 'John', 'email' => '[email protected]', 'phone' => '1234567890', ]; // get the value of employee name echo $employee['name']; // get all values foreach ($employee as $key => $value) { echo $key . ':' . $value; echo '<br>'; } ?>
As you can see, here we got the name by querying it directly, and then we used the foreach loop to get all the key-value pairs in the array.
Multidimensional Arrays
In the examples we’ve discussed so far, we’ve used scalar values as array elements. In fact, you can even store arrays as elements within other arrays—this is a multidimensional array.
Let’s look at an example.
<?php $employee = [ 'name' => 'John', 'email' => '[email protected]', 'phone' => '1234567890', 'hobbies' => ['Football', 'Tennis'], 'profiles' => ['facebook' => 'johnfb', 'twitter' => 'johntw'] ]; ?>
As you can see, the hobbies key in the $employee array holds an array of hobbies. In the same way, the profiles key holds an associative array of the different profiles.
Let’s see how to access values of a multidimensional array.
<?php $employee = [ 'name' => 'John', 'email' => '[email protected]', 'phone' => '1234567890', 'hobbies' => ['Football', 'Tennis'], 'profiles' => ['facebook' => 'johnfb', 'twitter' => 'johntw'] ]; // access hobbies echo $employee['hobbies'][0]; // Football echo $employee['hobbies'][1]; // Tennis // access profiles echo $employee['profiles']['facebook']; // johnfb echo $employee['profiles']['twitter']; // johntw ?>
As you can see, the elements of a multidimensional array can be accessed with the index or key of that element in each array part.
Unpacking Arrays
Starting from version 7.4, PHP has added the ability to expand arrays in place using the spread (...) operator.
<?php
$plant_eaters = ["Horse", "Goat", "Rabbit"];
$meat_eaters = ["Lion", "Tiger", "Crocodile"];
$animals = ["Dog", ...$plant_eaters, ...$meat_eaters, "Cat"];
print_r($animals);
/*
Array
(
[0] => Dog
[1] => Horse
[2] => Goat
[3] => Rabbit
[4] => Lion
[5] => Tiger
[6] => Crocodile
[7] => Cat
)
*/
?>
Initially, we could only unpack arrays with numeric keys. However, PHP 8.1 came with support for unpacking arrays with string keys. Here are some examples:
<?php
$default_colors = ["body" => "red", "heading" => "blue", "sidebar" => "yellow"];
$user_colors = ["body" => "white", "paragraph" => "black"];
$theme_colors = [...$default_colors, ...$user_colors];
print_r($theme_colors);
/*
Array
(
[body] => white
[heading] => blue
[sidebar] => yellow
[paragraph] => black
)
*/
?>
You should note that array unpacking in this manner results in overwriting existing values stored in string-based keys while numeric keys simply get renumbered. Unpacking $user_colors before $default_colors in the above example would have set the value of the body key to "red" in the $theme_colors array.
Some Useful Array Functions
In this section, we’ll go through a handful of useful array functions that are used frequently for array operations.
The count() Function
The count() function is used to count the number of elements in an array. This is often useful if you want to iterate an array with a for loop.
<?php $array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three']; echo count($array); // Output: 3 ?>
However, you should be careful when looping over an array with a for loop. This is because there is no guarantee that the numeric keys in an array will always be sequential, start from zero or be in simple ascending order.
The is_array() Function
This is one of the most useful functions for dealing with arrays. It’s used to check if a variable is an array or some other data type.
<?php
$array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
// check if the variable is an array
if (is_array($array))
{
// perform some array operation
}
?>
You should always use this function before you perform any array operation if you’re uncertain of the data type.
The in_array() Function
If you want to check if an element exists in the array, it’s the in_array() function which comes to the rescue.
<?php
$array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
// check if a variable is an array
if (in_array('One', $array))
{
echo 'Yes';
}
else
{
echo 'No';
}
?>
The first argument of the in_array() function is an element which you want to check, and the second argument is the array itself.
The explode() Function
The explode() function splits a string into multiple parts and returns it as an array. For example, let’s say you have a comma-separated string and you want to split it at the commas.
<?php
$string = "One,Two,Three";
// explode a string by comma
$array = explode(",", $string);
// output should be an array
echo '<pre>';
print_r($array);
// output
/*Array
(
[0] => One
[1] => Two
[2] => Three
)*/
?>
The first argument of the explode() function is a delimiter string (the string you’re splitting on), and the second argument is the string itself.
The implode() Function
This is the opposite of the explode() function—given an array and a glue string, the implode() function can generate a string by joining all the elements of an array with a glue string between them.
<?php
$array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
$string = implode(",", $array);
// output should be a string
echo $string;
// output: One,Two,Three
?>
The first argument of the implode() function is a glue string, and the second argument is the array to implode.
The array_push() Function
The array_push() function is used to add new elements to the end of an array.
<?php
$array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
array_push($array, 'Four');
echo '<pre>';
print_r($array);
// output
/*Array
(
[0] => One
[1] => Two
[2] => Three
[3] => Four
)*/
?>
The first argument is an array, and the subsequent arguments are elements that will be added to the end of an array.
The array_pop() Function
The array_pop() function removes an element from the end of an array.
<?php
$array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
$element = array_pop($array);
echo '<pre>';
print_r($array);
// output
/*Array
(
[0] => One
[1] => Two
)*/
?>
The array_pop() function returns the element which is removed from an array, so you can pull it into the variable. Along with array_push(), this function is useful for implementing data structures like stacks.
The array_slice() Function
The array_slice() function is useful when you want to extract some portion of a given array. It accepts four parameters: the array, the index from which to slice, the number of elements to slice, and whether to preserve numerical key. The function will always preserve string keys irrespective of the fourth parameter.
<?php
$people = ["Adam", "Amanda", "Andrew", "Laura", "Monty", "Sally", "Sajal", "Steven"];
$members = array_slice($people, 2, 4);
print_r($members);
/*
Array
(
[0] => Andrew
[1] => Laura
[2] => Monty
[3] => Sally
)
*/
?>
The offset value can also be negative. In that case, the slicing position will be determined from the end of the array.
The array_splice() Function
Th array_splice() function is useful when you want to either get rid of a portion of an array and/or replace it with something else. It also accepts four parameters: the array, the offset index from which to begin the removal, the length to remove, and an optional replacement for the removed values.
<?php
$all_items = ["Charger", "Keyboard", "Smartphone", "Baseball", "Bat", "Mouse"];
$replacements = ["Pen", "Headphones"];
array_splice($all_items, 3, 2, $replacements);
print_r($all_items);
/*
Array
(
[0] => Charger
[1] => Keyboard
[2] => Smartphone
[3] => Pen
[4] => Headphones
[5] => Mouse
)
*/
?>
Conclusion
That’s all you need to get started coding with arrays in PHP. You saw how to create arrays and how to retrieve elements from them. You learned the different types of arrays in PHP, and you got a look at some of the most useful built-in PHP functions for working with arrays.
